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Research and data

Inspect the web with evidence you can follow.

A growing collection of sourced analysis, practical methodology, and free tools for checking the structure and quality of web datasets.

Published analysis

Research-led reading

These articles synthesize cited sources, practical observations, and repeatable checks. Each page states its scope and publication date.

Method

What readers should expect

We identify the source and date for unstable facts, separate observation from inference, disclose important limitations, and avoid presenting estimates as measurements. When a page is substantially updated, its content and metadata should reflect the change.